Drilling in Ultra-deep Water

As the major terrestrial oil fields near retirement, there is an ever increasing drive to bring deep sea oil fields to production. The Gulf of Mexico is thought to contain the largest untapped oil reserves in the world. Based on current findings, some estimates by the Department of the Interior Mineral Management Services number reserves at over 100 billion barrels. Finding oil in deep water is one thing, but extracting it from these undersea reservoirs is an entirely different challenge. Deep water rigs are designed to overcome the unique technical problems associated with deep water drilling.

Deep water rigs and the equipment on them must withstand extreme and variable conditions. Freezing temperatures, stormy seas, hurricane wind forces are just a few things to contend with at the surface. Equipment on the sea floor may be difficult or impossible to access during drilling and must be designed to be nearly maintenance free for several years at a time, while still operating 24 hours around the clock. The price tags on these rigs can easily climb past half a billion dollars.

Sending drill bits down through a mile or two of ocean and then three of four miles of variably dense rock strata to reach reserves is no small feat of engineering. The drill is made up of hundreds of pipe sections all linked together. Once a rig reaches its desired drilling site crews spend several days linking pieces together; as each piece is dropped into the water it is affixed to the next. Joints at each connection point allow limited amounts of flexibility for drilling.

Once a rig goes into production it must stay anchored in place for years at a time. In shallow waters rigs are anchored in place with synthetic moorings. These ropes are strong enough to resist the wind forces of a hundred year storm like Hurricane Katrina. Anchoring a deepwater rig is much more difficult and can even be dangerous by preventing it from moving to safer water in the event of a hurricane. Ocean currents in deepwater are much more powerful than shallow areas. Anchoring a deep water rig is done using massive propulsion mechanisms positioned at each corner of the rig. GPS monitoring equipment tracks the rigs position and tells the thrusters how to maintain status.

Systems are put in place on the ocean floor to help increase production speeds. Rock strata on the ocean's floor is porous and sponge like, therefore well pressures may not be strong enough to overcome the water column above. Powerful pumps are used to increase production speeds. The pipes and pump systems must withstand both the extreme freezing temperatures of the sea water at that depth, as well as the intense heat of the oil coming from the well which can reach temperatures of 400 degrees Fahrenheit. This interaction between the hot oil and the cold water can cause catastrophic backflow problems. High grade insulation is used to counteract this problem. Should a problem arise, robotic submarines can be dispatched to investigate and repair damages.

As exploration into the deepest regions of the Gulf of Mexico escalates and some of the largest oil fields in history are being discovered, Oil and Natural gas companies based in the United States, such as Triple Diamond Energy Corp, are able to work towards reducing US dependency on foreign oil imports. The future is promising!

About the Author: Robert Jent is President & CEO of Triple Diamond Energy Corp. Triple Diamond Energy is an independent producer of oil and natural gas. Located in the Dallas area, the company specializes in acquiring the highest quality prime oil and gas properties

Offshore Drilling Companies: 50 Offshore Drilling Companies To Get You Started

Post by: Calvin
Are you looking for a list of offshore drilling companies because you are looking for a job in an offshore oil rig? Have you tried the big boys like Shell and BP, etc? No results, or don't want to try them for some reason?

Besides the obvious list of big boys like Shell and BP, you can also look for offshore drilling companies which do wildcatting or provide sub-contracting offshore oil drilling services to the major players. There are potentially hundreds of smaller companies which do this. Rather than cover the whole spectrum of finding oil, drilling for it and then refining and distributing the oil, these relatively small companies (for the oil and gas industry) concentrate on providing offshore drilling services. Some of them were formed during the last slump in oil prices by far-sighted investors with deep pockets, buying up equipment for pennies on the dollar. Many more were popped up just before the current boom in oil prices, or just recently to cater for the spike in demand for oil drilling services.

Here is a list of 50 offshore drilling companies to get you started:


* Nabors Industries
* Transocean
* Diamond Offshore
* Rowan Companies
* Schlumberger
* Stena Drilling
* Tesco Drilling
* Transocean Sedco
* Prosafe ASA
* Abbot Group
* Acteon
* Akita Drilling
* Altinex
* Atwood Oceanics
* Baker Hughes
* China Oilfield Services
* Crosco Drilling
* Dolphin Drilling
* Egyptian Drilling Company
* Franklin Howard International
* Fred. Olsen Energy
* Geoservices
* Global Marine Drilling
* GlobalSantaFe
* IKM Subsea Design
* Japan Drilling Co
* KCA Deutag Drilling
* Maersk Contractors
* Metzke Engineering
* Noble Drilling
* Pajak Engineering
* Parker Drilling
* PetroMena
* Reamco
* Seadrill
* Smedvig
* Smith International
* ENSCO International
* BLAKE Offshore
* CDIS
* Coastal Drilling Company
* Crosco
* Extended Reach Drilling
* Frigstad Offshore
* Jindal Drilling & Industries
* KCA DEUTAG Drilling
* Marine Drilling Companies
* National Drilling Services
* Neptune Drilling
* Ocean Rig




Do note that these are just 50 out of hundreds, with many more new companies formed each month to cater for the growing demand of the oil rush. As the entire oil and gas industry is very fast-moving right now, there is no guarantee that all the companies will still be around. After all, the major players like Shell will almost certainly try to buy them up to secure their own supply of oil rigs and crew. Some of these companies provide both onshore and offshore services and may even provide pipelining services, so be sure to make it clear in your cover letter and resume/cv.

Not all of the companies have websites or email. You may need to do some digging to find their snail mail or offline address so that you can send them you cover letter and resume through the post office.

To get an offshore drilling job, you can go to the major players, or you can try the smaller specialist offshore drilling companies. The major players are of course more stable (at least during the oil boom). The smaller companies, on the other hand, provide more opportunity for advancement if you are bright and hardworking.

Are you looking for jobs in offshore drilling companies? Click here to learn how RigWorker.com can help you find your offshore drilling companies job.

Source: http://www.articlealley.com/

The Costs of Natural Gas and Oil

Post by: Dayele

Most Americans use is either oil or natural gas for energy. A supply and demand imbalance is currently driving up the costs of both oil and natural gas. Americans are demanding more energy and as this demand increases, our supply of oil and natural gas hasn’t increased especially from domestically available resources. Actually, this production is on the decline. It is time to start exploring and tapping new supplies of oil and natural gas here in America.
Oil is a worldwide commodity. Prices are bound to rise worldwide with the increased competition/demand and the present stagnant production.

Higher prices are also a result of supply disruption "fears" from potential hot spots in the Middle East, Venezuela, and Russia. Worldwide spare capacity has reduced dramatically from 10 million barrels per day a decade ago to about 2 million barrels per day today.

The natural gas used in the United States is primarily from North American resources. Importing natural gas in a liquefied state from overseas hasn’t yet been fully developed. Natural gas is a preferred fuel choice that powers most new homes and buildings, as well as power plants mainly because it is clean-burning. Inconsistent government policies and regulations have discouraged the exploration and production of new domestic gas supplies. This creates another supply-demand imbalance. Because the increase in natural gas demand isn't being met with new supplies, prices for natural gas rise too.

Some other reasons for the rising costs of natural gas and oil include: weather (cold weather will increase demand), hurricanes (can stop production in the Gulf of Mexico), litigation and regulations, lack of public support and government encouragement for new oil and gas wells, Geopolitical unrest around the world, and market speculation.

The consequences of no new domestic production makes for fluctuation in consumer prices. Some of our factories are moving their businesses overseas to take advantage of cheaper energy costs meaning lost jobs and lost tax and royalty revenue. Today, 63% of our oil is imported today which is a high reliance on foreign countries, taking on a national and economic security risk. Having the supply controlled by other countries, of course, is not ideal. Plus the extremely high national trade deficit (one-third of which is represented in oil imports) has to stop soaring.

The fuel industry needs to re-look at the federal policy recognizing the importance of domestic oil and natural gas. Some suggested changes are: allowing access to non-park, non-wilderness federal lands where abundant, lower cost domestic oil and gas is located, providing for more offshore oil and gas exploration, stopping unnecessary law suits and regulations, providing full federal funding for government agencies that have industry oversight and for oil and gas technology programs to do research, encouraging students to get involved in order to develop a new workforce for the coming years, and offering credits for unconventional resources to be used instead.

Currently, in the United States, there are about 5,000 independent oil and natural gas producers. Independents can be small family companies or publicly traded companies. They operate in 33 states and the offshore. Companies like Triple Diamond Energy Corporation drill 90 percent of the wells here and produce 68 percent of America's oil and 82 percent of domestic natural gas.

Chris Jent is the Chief Marketing Officer of Triple Diamond Energy Corp. Triple Diamond Energy specializes in acquiring the highest quality prime oil and gas properties. For more information, visit http://www.triplediamondenergycorp.blogspot.com.

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Oil Company Jobs: How Much Longer Will Oil Company Jobs Remain Hot?

Author: Calvin

Why are oil company jobs hot right now, and how long can we expect them to remain hot? To learn the answer, let me paraphrase from an interview between Investment U and Jim Rogers (author of Hot Commodities and former CEO of Quantum Fund) conducted in 2006. In this interview, Jim Rogers said that looking back in history, the shortest commodity bull market lasted 15 years while the longest lasted 23 years. He expects the current commodity bull run to last until at least 2014 and maybe even up to 2022. He also expects oil and gas to share in this bull run.

Here is why this investment legend believes that oil and gas will remain hot for at least the next decade:

"All the great oil fields in the world were discovered more than 35 years ago. There's been no major oil discovery anywhere in the world since 1970. Alaska's in decline… The Mexican fields are in decline… The North Sea is in decline… The U.K. has been exporting oil for 25 years - but within the decade, they will be importing oil. Malaysia has been exporting oil for decades - they will soon be importing oil. Indonesia's a member of OPEC, and about to get thrown out because they now import oil…"

As can be seen from previous cycles of the commodities booms and busts, oil companies will be furiously investing in oil exploration and oil rigs and other facilities for the coming decade. Unfortunately for consumers, even after they find new oil fields, it takes several years to build the oil rig and other productions facilities like pipelines and oil refineries. As 70% of the Earth is underneath the ocean, we'll need more deep-sea oil rigs to get at the oil there. These oil rigs are actually mounted on giant ships, and count in the same class as supertankers and aircraft carriers. They take even longer to build than normal oil rigs.

On the other hand, if you are working in the oil industry, all of these problems are good for you. These oil rigs and refineries won't build themselves, and definitely won't run themselves. They need people to build them, they need people to run them. And don't forget supporting industries like oil mud and heavy industries. After all, who do you think is going to supply the pipes for the pipelines and other construction equipment?

No jobs? Don't make me laugh. There are plenty of jobs in the oil and gas industry... as long as you are willing to move away from your current industry, and as long as you have a sound mind and sound body. Of course, this only considers regular, run-of-the-mill jobs. Jobs like management, engineering, mechanics, office work, construction, etc.

How about high-paying jobs? After all, when we talk about oil company jobs... The 4 highest paying jobs in an oil company would be management (as usual), prospecting, offshore oil rigs and sales (again as usual). Prospecting is the main bottleneck. Modern prospecting is a highly detailed science. Not only do you need to get your geology degree, you need various specializations for oil prospecting. To be useful, you probably need a Masters degree. We're looking at 4 - 6 years to train a useful geologist who can find oil. If you are studying geology right now, it is definitely worth getting the specialized majors and minors needed for the oil industry. Same thing goes for those studying in chemical engineering (for work in the new refineries). If you are still thinking about a geology degree, my advice is to look for a specialized program which will fast-track you to your degree in 3 years. Start building your contacts now and you'll have a job right out of university.

Obviously, just knowing that the jobs are out there doesn't help very much. You still need to find out who the oil companies are and which ones will be interested in your skillset. You need to know whom to contact - note that many of these companies don't even have web-sites or e-mail addresses. You won't find them in Google. And Monster.com traditionally is not very useful if the job isn't mainstream. That's why you still see people making enquiries on bulletin boards like Yahoo Answers, hoping to find leads to jobs.

So, now you know. Is it worth re-tooling your skills for oil company jobs? Yes. Because the oil boom will probably last until 2014 or later due to economic fundamentals. This means you'll have a job for a long time to come. In other words, forget IT and finance. Oil is King.

Are you looking for oil company jobs? Click here to learn how RigWorker.com can help you to quickly and easily find oil company jobs.
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Offshore Employment: What Are Important Things You Need To Know About Offshore Employment?

Author: Calvin

With the current oil boom likely to continue into the next decade, many oil companies are desperately hiring workers for offshore employment in exploration and drilling work. In North America, Houston, Tulsa and Alberta have featured in the news in the past year. However, wherever you can find oil and gas, you will find the major players present.

The generous salaries and benefits offered by oil companies are well known. So is the hard physical work. But do you know about the offshore work schedule? Most offshore work is structured so that you work 1 week on/1 week off, or 2 weeks on/2 weeks off, etc. Quite common is 4 weeks on/4 weeks off. You may even find 6 weeks on/6 weeks off.

Not all offshore employment is on an oil rig. Quite a lot of it also happens on ships. Of course, some of the deep sea oil rigs are actually mounted on gigantic ships. You'll find ocean-going tugs, towboats and pipeline barges deeply involved in the process of oil production.

Many of you grew up with easy communications and access to mobile phones and the internet. You have rarely been isolated from your families and friends in the past. Once you work offshore, this will no longer be the case. You will no longer have easy and unlimited contact with your friends and family for up to 6 weeks at a time. This kind of thing is often overlooked by those seeking offshore employment, but has caused a lot of strain in family relationships.

When you successfully gain offshore employment, you also need to think of your personal logistics - your mortgage payments, car payments, phone bills, etc. You'll need to set up automatic payment arrangements with your bank, otherwise you could wind up in quite a lot of inconvenience. Don't forget to settle things like your voluntary military service.

Offshore employment can be very rewarding. If you are willing to learn and work conscientiously, you will find yourself getting fast promotions and advancements. Don't forget that you'll probably only work 6 months out of the year. Unlike office workers, you'll have plenty of time off to pursue your own interests, whether its a hobby or sport or something else. Those of you with an entrepreneurial bent will find a lot of free time to start up and build your own business.

While no one likes to think about taxes, Section 911 of the U.S. tax law permits U.S. taxpayers to earn up to $80,000 per year of tax free income. The intention was to encourage US citizens to work offshore in less hospitable surroundings (namely 3rd-World countries). If your offshore job is overseas, or you think it can count as overseas, remember to consult your accountant and lawyer before you leave home. Who knows, with a little luck, you could take home $80,000 and not have to pay tax. Also don't forget to set up a way to submit your income tax return in case you have to work in March or April.

These are some of the lesser known facts about offshore employment. Good salary, good benefits, possibly tax-free. Depending on the company and work location, possibly no contact with family, no phone, and/or no internet. Lots of other things to set up like automatic mortgage payments and income tax submissions.

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Pressure Transducer Uses in the Oil and Gas Industry

Author: Jim Furness

The world wide oil and gas industry uses many types of pressure transducer for measurement and control in processes, drilling and down hole tools. With the need to find oil in less accessible areas the systems used in exploration, drilling and production becomes ever more complex and the use of pressure transducer products is increasing. A few applications for pressure transducer sensors are:

Drilling Tools
Various types of pressure transducer are used in downhole tools to monitor hydraulic pressure, and pipeline oil pressure. Often a high pressure transducer is required, with a high operating temperature range due to the extreme environment. The Omni series 10 and series 8 pressure transducer models offer ranges up to 1000 bar with operating temperatures up to 150 degrees C.

Wellheads
Wellhead assemblies and Christmas tree use a range of pressure transducer sensors to monitor wellhead pressure. Due to the hazardous area the pressure transducer has to be of intrinsically safe or explosion proof design. A pressure transducer used in this application also needs to be rugged and weatherproof. The Omni series 23EXD and 23IS pressure transducer types meet both of these requirements.

Intelligent Pigs
Subsea pipe lines are tested on a regular basis with an intelligent pig. The pig may be fitted with several pressure transducer types to monitor pipeline pressure, and hydraulic pressure. Also a differential pressure transducer may be used to measure the difference in pressure between the front and back of the pig. As these devices are usually battery powered it is important to select a pressure transducer with low power consumption. The Omni series 10 pressure transducer only draws around 1mA and is ideal for these applications.

Core Analysis
In core analysis an oil sample may be forced at high pressure through a section of rock core. A pressure transducer in this application needs to provide high accuracy measurement up to 10,000 PSI and be constructed of either hastelloy or monel to avoid corrosion of the diaphragm. The Omni series 23 and 25 pressure transducer meets this
requirement.

Subsea Hydraulic Manifolds
Subsea hydraulic packs are used for various control applications in offshore oil production. Subsea hydraulic packs may use up to 10 pressure transducer units. The pressure transducer has to be made to the smallest design, and be able to work with high external case pressures. In this instance the pressure transducer may have the external housing removed with the bare PCB exposed to the environment to reduce the profile, with oil filling used to stop any seawater ingress.

Drilling Mud Systems
It is often a requirement to use a pressure transducer in mud flow lines. In these applications a pressure transducer with a flush diaphragm is required. This is because with a normal pressure transducer the pressure port is only 3 mm diameter, and is prone to clogging with mud particles. The Omni series 25 pressure transducer have a G1/2” or G3/4” flush diaphragm and can be supplied in EXD or IS format for hazardous area use.

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Jim Furness is CEO of Omniinstruments Ltd, specialists in pressure transducer and other instrumentation solutions such as ultrasonic flow meter.
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Coming to work in the UK

Author: NES Group

It is no longer enough for recruitment agencies to have a fully networked database of skilled candidates in order to satisfy company requirements in the UK, so it is encouraging to see a considerable proportion of organisations expressing an interest and a willingness to employ skilled International Candidates, with the help of agencies who are registered with the OISC (Office of Immigration Services Commission) allowing them to provide advice on immigration.

What are the routes into the UK?

There are a number of options available to EU and non-EU nationals seeking work in the UK:

EU and EEA nationals

Nationals of the European Union and European Economic Area are free to enter and work within the UK for an indefinite period of time. They must have an EU passport and / or National Identity Card and show they have funds to support themselves and any family members they bring along.

Nationals of the Accession 8 countries (Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Slovakia and Slovenia) that joined the EU in 2004 can enter and begin work as above, but they must also register on the Workers Registration Scheme (WRS) within 30 days of their start date. If they fail to do so they will be working illegally from that point on unless there are exceptional circumstances for which they are unable to do so. The fee for the WRS is payable by the applicant.

Nationals of the two accession countries of 2007, Romania and Bulgaria, have a different set of rules to consider. Candidates from these two nations who are considered self employed (working as Ltd Company contractors) do not need entry clearance documentation. However, if they work as contractors under an umbrella company or on a permanent basis they will require working authorisation.

Non-EU nationals

There are two main ways a non-EU citizen can enter and work within the UK. They are as follows:

1. Highly Skilled Migrant Program

The HSMP was set up in 2004 to provide a working visa for highly skilled and specialised individuals. Candidates are assessed on their age, qualifications and previous earnings and points are awarded for these. Amendments were recently made to the HSMP system, including increasing the point threshold from 65 to 75 and awarding further points for different ages and qualifications. Any score under this means ineligibility. The processing fee for HSMP is £400 and is payable by the jobseeker.

Applicants must be able to provide tangible evidence for the points they are claiming, so as well as a neatly filled out application form and fee, original documents must be supplied (e.g. payslips and bank statements to prove earnings, qualification certificates to prove educational achievements etc). Work Permits (UK), the organisation responsible for processing HSMP visas, insists that all original documentation must be presented: points are deducted if copies are sent.

Processing the HSMP takes Work Permits (UK) between two and six weeks. When an applicant is issued with their visa they will need to apply for either Further Leave to Remain (FLR) if applying for HSMP ‘in country’ or Entry Clearance (EC) if applying from abroad. See the FLR and EC section below for more details.

The applicant can begin work once FLR or EC has been granted, which permits two years of eligibility to work in the UK. Work is not restricted so the individual can move contracts, companies or locations and accept increases in pay without the need to leave the country and re-apply. Once they near the end of the two years and assuming they are still happy with their circumstances, they can apply for a three-year extension. A simple form, a new processing fee of £400 and another FLR completes this process.

2. Work permit

For those who are ineligible for HSMP or who are reluctant to pay the costs to apply, the Work Permit is an alternative option. This permit is job-specific and therefore requires an offer of work from a UK based company who is willing to sign a declaration stating its commitment to employing that individual. It is not possible for a Work Permit to be issued for contract work.

The employer company or their OISC registered advisers will need to provide evidence that they have made satisfactory efforts to hire a UK or EU citizen in the form of advertising. This advertising must have been in place for a set time period and cannot have been created for the purposes of hiring and individual. It must have also been available to view in a suitable media format with wide ranging distribution.

The processing fee for a Work Permit is £190 and the timescale on an application is between one and three weeks. The candidate will now need either FLR or EC depending on whether they applied in country or from abroad. Once this has all been granted the job applicant can begin work.

It must be noted that the permit restricts the work to the project, location, company, earnings and length of time outlined in the original WP application. A new application is necessary before any changes are made to these circumstances.
Non-EU students and the International Graduates Scheme (replacing the SEGS)

For students of non-EU nations who are studying specified degrees in the UK there is a working visa option. If the candidate has completed their degree within the last 12 months, they are eligible to apply for the International Graduate Scheme (IGS). The processing fee for this visa is £395 and is payable by the job applicant. FLR is included in these applications so a separate application for this is not necessary. It gives the candidate 12 months work in the UK, after which they can switch to one of the other two visas outlined above.

(NB: For those overseas students who have studied and completed their courses in Scotland, there is the option of moving onto the Fresh Talent Scheme, a 24-month working visa for the whole of the UK. The only restriction here is that when applying for a Work Permit, the sponsoring company must be based in Scotland)

Indefinite Leave to Remain

Once an individual has lived and worked in the UK for five years or more they are eligible for Indefinite Leave to Remain. This allows them to stay and work in the UK for as long as they wish.
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Offshore Drilling, Centralizers, Oil, Gas

Author: Stig Kristoffersen

There are three Petroliferous provinces in Ukraine. In the west, there is the Carpathian hydrocarbon region, in the east we have the Dnipro-Donetsk region, or Donbas hydrocarbon province, and in the south there is the Black Sea and the Crimea hydrocarbon province.

Ukraine’s hydrocarbon resources are estimated at 7-8 billion tons of fuel equivalent.

Average annual oil and gas production amounts to 18 billion cubic meters of natural gas and 4 million tons of crude oil, and covers 25 % of the demand for natural gas and 13 % of the demand for crude oil in Ukraine.

Crude oil and natural gas are imported primarily from Russia, or through Russia from Turkmenistan (natural gas) and Kazakhstan (crude oil.)

Oil and gas make up 59 % of the primary fuel consumption in Ukraine, including 41 % natural gas and 18 % petroleum.

In a report compiled by myself there is provided a brief overview of Ukraine's oil & gas resources and production; oil & gas storage and transportation system; oil refining and gas processing system; oil & gas field machinery market; and major projects in the oil & gas sector.

Several scientific studies have been done in Ukraine, and a large amount of interest from international companies such as Shell, ExxonMobil and Marathon f.inst has developed into joint ventures in the country both in the upstream as well as the downstream segment of the oil and gas industry.

A report published in 2007 by myself (www.lulu.com/stig) will give you an overview of scientific work performed in Ukraine hydrocarbon provinces. Work has been performed by local scientists but also from a variety of scientists around the world. Ukraine has been had interest from lots of scientists for many years, but only the latter years has attracted the attention of international industry. The last few years even the larger multinational oil and gas companies have been bidding for acreage both onshore and offshore Ukraine.

The report is organized into geological regions, however some articles span over several regions, and will therefore be found in several places in the report or only in one of these.

Recent 2D seismic shot in the Black sea, reveals several potential larger structures ranging from the simple structural to more complex stratigraphic traps that have a large potential for hydrocarbons. Some of the traps also have potential hydrocarbon indicators associated with them, and therefore constitute high potential structures. Some of the structures could be in the billion barrel oil field size.

Source: http://www.articlesbase.com

Ukraine Onshore and Offshore Oil and Gas Potential - Larger Than We Thought Only Some Years Ago. New Area of International Exploraiton?

Author: Stig Kristoffersen

There are three Petroliferous provinces in Ukraine. In the west, there is the Carpathian hydrocarbon region, in the east we have the Dnipro-Donetsk region, or Donbas hydrocarbon province, and in the south there is the Black Sea and the Crimea hydrocarbon province.

Ukraine’s hydrocarbon resources are estimated at 7-8 billion tons of fuel equivalent.

Average annual oil and
gas production amounts to 18 billion cubic meters of natural gas and 4 million tons of crude oil, and covers 25 % of the demand for natural gas and 13 % of the demand for crude oil in Ukraine.

Crude oil and natural gas are imported primarily from Russia, or through Russia from Turkmenistan (natural gas) and Kazakhstan (crude oil.)

Oil and gas make up 59 % of the primary fuel consumption in Ukraine, including 41 % natural gas and 18 % petroleum.

In a report compiled by myself there is provided a brief overview of Ukraine's oil & gas resources and production; oil & gas storage and transportation system; oil refining and gas processing system; oil & gas field machinery market; and major projects in the oil & gas sector.

Several scientific studies have been done in Ukraine, and a large amount of interest from international companies such as Shell, ExxonMobil and Marathon f.inst has developed into joint ventures in the country both in the upstream as well as the downstream segment of the oil and gas industry.

A report published in 2007 by myself (www.lulu.com/stig) will give you an overview of scientific work performed in Ukraine hydrocarbon provinces. Work has been performed by local scientists but also from a variety of scientists around the world. Ukraine has been had interest from lots of scientists for many years, but only the latter years has attracted the attention of international industry. The last few years even the larger multinational oil and gas companies have been bidding for acreage both onshore and offshore Ukraine.

The report is organized into geological regions, however some articles span over several regions, and will therefore be found in several places in the report or only in one of these.

Recent 2D seismic shot in the Black sea, reveals several potential larger structures ranging from the simple structural to more complex stratigraphic traps that have a large potential for hydrocarbons. Some of the traps also have potential hydrocarbon indicators associated with them, and therefore constitute high potential structures. Some of the structures could be in the billion barrel oil field size.

If you find this article of interest we encourage you to either go to www.lulu.com/stig and download articles about Ukrain oil and gas potential or to take contact with the author directly on email sak@ec-ba.com